Trypanosoma brucei Lipophosphoglycan Activates Host Immune Responses via the TLR-mediated p38 MAP Kinase and NF-κB Pathways

Objective: This study was aimed at investigating the immunoregulatory effects of trypanosomal lipophosphoglycan (LPG) anchored to trypanosome membranes, including formation neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and cytokine release after parasite infection. The interaction cell surface TLR receptors with LPG, which signals cellular responses during Trypanosma brucei infection, systematically investigated. Methods: expression profile in neutrophils exposure T. involvement TLR2, TLR4, p38 MAP kinase, NF-κB NET were studied molecular immunological approaches quantitative PCR, western blotting immunofluorescence. Results: -derived LPG induced phosphorylation kinase NF-κB, thereby stimulating secretion IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α. blockade Toll-like receptor 2/4 specific inhibitors MyD88, decreased both kinases. Furthermore, containing IL-1β LPG-induced supernatants promoted NETs. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that activates via TLR-mediated pathways, promoting LPG-stimulated